{"id":11520,"date":"2025-02-24T13:51:00","date_gmt":"2025-02-24T13:51:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pmrsa.pl\/?p=11520"},"modified":"2025-03-20T12:55:21","modified_gmt":"2025-03-20T12:55:21","slug":"whether-all-of-the-bankrupts-assets-are-included-in-the-bankruptcy-estate","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/pmrsa.pl\/en\/whether-all-of-the-bankrupts-assets-are-included-in-the-bankruptcy-estate\/","title":{"rendered":"Is all of the bankrupt&#039;s property included in the bankruptcy estate?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bankruptcy proceedings are a complex and multi-stage process, the main purpose of which is to satisfy creditors from the debtor&#039;s assets in the event of his insolvency. During this procedure, the debtor&#039;s assets become the so-called<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/pmrsa.pl\/en\/bankruptcy-estate-basic-information\/\" title=\"\"> bankruptcy estate<\/a>, which is managed by a trustee and serves to cover liabilities<\/strong>. However, this does not mean that all assets of the debtor automatically enter the bankruptcy estate. Polish law provides for a number of cases in which certain assets are excluded from the bankruptcy estate by operation of law. In this article, we will discuss these exclusions in detail, indicating their legal basis, purpose and practical significance for the debtor and creditors.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Contents:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-aioseo-table-of-contents\"><ul><li><a href=\"#aioseo-kilka-slow-o-artykule-posluchaj\">A few words about the article - Listen<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#aioseo-co-to-jest-masa-upadlosciowa\">What is a bankruptcy estate?<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#aioseo-podstawa-prawna-wylaczenia-skladnikow-z-masy-upadlosciowej\">Legal basis for excluding assets from the bankruptcy estate<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#aioseo-wylaczenia-skladnikow-z-masy-upadlosciowej-z-mocy-prawa\">Exclusions of assets from the bankruptcy estate by operation of law<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#aioseo-procedura-wylaczenia-skladnikow-z-masy-upadlosciowej\">Procedure for excluding assets from the bankruptcy estate<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#aioseo-znaczenie-wylaczen-dla-dluznika-i-wierzycieli\">The importance of exclusions for the debtor and creditors<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#aioseo-mozliwosc-skorzystania-z-przygotowanej-likwidacji\">Possibility of using the prepared liquidation<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#aioseo-wylaczenie-nieruchomosci-z-masy-upadlosci\">Exclusion of real estate from the bankruptcy estate<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\" id=\"aioseo-kilka-slow-o-artykule-posluchaj\">A few words about the article - Listen<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-audio\"><audio controls src=\"https:\/\/pmrsa.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Czy-caly-majatek-upadlego-wchodzi-do-masy-upadlosc-1.mp3\"><\/audio><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"aioseo-co-to-jest-masa-upadlosciowa\"><strong>What is a bankruptcy estate?<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><em>The bankruptcy estate is all assets belonging to the debtor on the day of the declaration of bankruptcy, although it is worth noting the differences between consumer bankruptcy and entrepreneurial bankruptcy, as well as those assets that the debtor acquires during bankruptcy proceedings. The bankruptcy estate includes movable assets, real estate, property rights, and other assets of the debtor that can be used to repay creditors.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">However, not all of the debtor&#039;s assets can be included in the bankruptcy estate. Polish law provides for certain restrictions that are intended to protect the interests of the debtor and third parties. These exclusions are based on legal provisions and apply automatically, without the need to file additional applications.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"aioseo-podstawa-prawna-wylaczenia-skladnikow-z-masy-upadlosciowej\"><strong>Legal basis for excluding assets from the bankruptcy estate<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The exclusion of assets from the bankruptcy estate has been regulated in <strong>Act of 28 February 2003 \u2013 Bankruptcy Law<\/strong>. The key here is to use:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>Article 63 of the Bankruptcy Law<strong>, which specifies the exclusions of assets by operation of law, as well as related court decisions,<\/strong><\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Other special provisions contained in the civil and family codes and in special acts that relate to the protection of the personal rights of the debtor or other persons.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These provisions aim to ensure a balance between the interests of creditors and the protection of minimum standards of dignity and functioning of the debtor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pmrsa.pl\/en\/economic-bankruptcy\/\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"421\" src=\"https:\/\/pmrsa.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/bh4-1024x421.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7904\" title=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pmrsa.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/bh4-1024x421.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/pmrsa.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/bh4-300x123.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pmrsa.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/bh4-768x316.jpg 768w, https:\/\/pmrsa.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/bh4.jpg 1337w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"aioseo-wylaczenia-skladnikow-z-masy-upadlosciowej-z-mocy-prawa\"><strong>Exclusions of assets from the bankruptcy estate by operation of law<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Exclusions by operation of law mean that certain assets of the debtor do not automatically enter the bankruptcy estate and cannot be used to satisfy creditors. These are most often assets related to securing the basic life needs of the debtor, protecting the family, and those that have a special legal nature.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1. Personal items and basic household equipment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">According to the regulations, the bankruptcy estate cannot include items that are necessary to meet the basic living needs of the debtor and his family. These include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>clothes, shoes, underwear,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>household appliances that are necessary for everyday functioning (e.g. refrigerator, washing machine, basic furniture),<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>items used by the debtor for health reasons (e.g. prostheses, wheelchairs).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This exclusion is intended to ensure minimum standards of existence for the debtor and protect his dignity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>2. Cash and social benefits<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The bankruptcy estate does not include certain funds and benefits that have a special purpose and nature, including:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Maintenance benefits<\/strong> \u2013 received by the debtor,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Family benefits<\/strong>, care and other social benefits,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Social security benefits<\/strong> (e.g. pensions, retirement benefits), to the extent necessary to support the debtor and his family,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Salary for work,<\/strong> to the extent that it is regulated by the provisions of the Labor Code.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"827\" height=\"354\" src=\"https:\/\/pmrsa.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/4.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-11532\" title=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pmrsa.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/4.png 827w, https:\/\/pmrsa.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/4-300x128.png 300w, https:\/\/pmrsa.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/4-768x329.png 768w, https:\/\/pmrsa.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/4-18x8.png 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 827px) 100vw, 827px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This limitation results from the fact that these benefits are intended to ensure a minimum subsistence level, and their inclusion in the bankruptcy estate would deprive the debtor of the ability to function normally.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>3. Items not subject to seizure in execution<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><em>Bankruptcy law also refers to the provisions of the Code of Civil Procedure (CPC), in particular Article 829 et seq., which define the list of items excluded from enforcement. According to Article 829 of the CPC, the bankruptcy estate does not include, among others:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>items necessary for the debtor to perform gainful employment (e.g. tools, computer equipment), excluding means of transport,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>food supplies for a month,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>heating fuel for 1 month,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>farm animals and the feed supplies necessary for their maintenance (in the event that the debtor is a farmer running an agricultural holding).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These exclusions are intended to enable the debtor to take up gainful employment and maintain minimum living conditions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>4. Non-property and personal rights<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pmrsa.pl\/en\/bankruptcy-estate-basic-information\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"827\" height=\"354\" src=\"https:\/\/pmrsa.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Posty-na-strone-2.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12209\" title=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pmrsa.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Posty-na-strone-2.png 827w, https:\/\/pmrsa.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Posty-na-strone-2-300x128.png 300w, https:\/\/pmrsa.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Posty-na-strone-2-768x329.png 768w, https:\/\/pmrsa.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Posty-na-strone-2-18x8.png 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 827px) 100vw, 827px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The bankruptcy estate also does not include non-property rights such as:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>copyrights of a personal nature,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>rights to name or image,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>rights arising from family relationships (e.g. parental authority),<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>the right of use of real estate.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These exclusions result from the fact that these rights are closely linked to the person of the debtor and cannot be the subject of economic transactions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>5. Items excluded under special regulations<strong>, e.g. property intended for scientific activities (Article 831 of the Code of Civil Procedure).<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The law also provides that certain assets may be excluded from the bankruptcy estate under special provisions. Examples include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>property used for scientific or artistic activities,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>items of sentimental value (in certain cases).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"827\" height=\"354\" src=\"https:\/\/pmrsa.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/5.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-11533\" title=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pmrsa.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/5.png 827w, https:\/\/pmrsa.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/5-300x128.png 300w, https:\/\/pmrsa.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/5-768x329.png 768w, https:\/\/pmrsa.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/5-18x8.png 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 827px) 100vw, 827px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"aioseo-procedura-wylaczenia-skladnikow-z-masy-upadlosciowej\"><strong>Procedure for excluding assets from the bankruptcy estate<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Although exclusions are automatic by operation of law, in practice it may happen that excluded assets are mistakenly included in the bankruptcy estate by the trustee. In such a case, the debtor or other interested parties may file a motion with the court to exclude the asset from the bankruptcy estate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Steps to follow:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Submitting an application to the bankruptcy court with justification and evidence confirming the exclusion,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The case is reviewed by the court,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Issuance of a decision by the court which is binding on the trustee.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the case of determining the income of the debtor, which is part of the bankruptcy estate, it is worth being aware of the fact that the legislator has provided for the possibility of establishing a different amount of income exempt from enforcement than that resulting from the general rules, taking into account the specific needs of the bankrupt and persons dependent on him, including their health, housing needs and the possibility of satisfying them. The application of the bankrupt or the trustee in this respect is considered by the Judge-Commissioner.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"aioseo-znaczenie-wylaczen-dla-dluznika-i-wierzycieli\"><strong>The importance of exclusions for the debtor and creditors<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Exclusions of assets from the bankruptcy estate are of key importance to both the debtor and the creditors. From the debtor&#039;s perspective, these exclusions allow for maintaining a minimum standard of living and protecting basic existential needs. In turn, for creditors, exclusions may limit the possibility of fully satisfying their claims, which often causes controversy during bankruptcy proceedings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"aioseo-mozliwosc-skorzystania-z-przygotowanej-likwidacji\">Possibility of using the prepared liquidation<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pmrsa.pl\/en\/business-bankruptcy-information\/\" title=\"\">Prepared liquidation (pre-pack) <\/a>is a procedure provided for in the Bankruptcy Law, which allows for the sale of the debtor&#039;s assets before the formal declaration of bankruptcy. Its purpose is to maximize the value of assets and quickly satisfy creditors by limiting the costs of the proceedings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Legal basis of pre-pack<\/strong> The legal basis for the prepared liquidation is Article 56a and subsequent of the Bankruptcy Law. This mechanism consists of prior agreement by the debtor or creditor on the terms of sale of specific assets to a specific buyer. The condition for the effective use of the pre-pack is the presentation to the court of a detailed application together with an expert valuation of the assets.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Advantages of a prepared liquidation<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"1\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Shortening of bankruptcy proceedings<\/strong> \u2013 the debtor\u2019s assets are sold almost immediately after bankruptcy is declared.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Maximizing asset value<\/strong> \u2013 pre-pack sale often allows for better financial terms than classic liquidation.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Minimizing costs<\/strong> \u2013 reduction of expenses related to liquidation proceedings.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Preserving jobs<\/strong> \u2013 in the case of sale of the enterprise as a whole, there is a greater chance of maintaining employment.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><em>Practical application Pre-pack can be particularly beneficial for debtors with valuable assets, but its effectiveness depends on cooperation with creditors and a reliable valuation by an expert., which can be sold in an orderly manner, e.g. real estate, enterprises or organized parts of an enterprise. However, it requires close cooperation with creditors and a professional valuation of assets.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"aioseo-wylaczenie-nieruchomosci-z-masy-upadlosci\"><strong>Exclusion of real estate from the bankruptcy estate<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Although, as a rule, <a href=\"https:\/\/pmrsa.pl\/en\/consumer-bankruptcy-what-about-spouses-assets\/\" title=\"\">all real estate belonging to the debtor is included<\/a> to the bankruptcy estate, there are certain exceptions provided for by law that allow for their exclusion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Grounds for exclusion of real estate<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"1\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Real estate owned by a third party<\/strong> \u2013 if the property formally belongs to a third party, and not to the bankrupt, it cannot be included in the bankruptcy estate. In such a situation, the owner may file an application to exclude the property based on Article 70 of the Bankruptcy Law. It should be emphasized, however, that this institution does not apply to assets that were transferred by the bankrupt to the creditor in order to secure a claim.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Real estate subject to limited property rights<\/strong> \u2013 in certain cases, when the real estate is encumbered, for example, with the right of perpetual usufruct or a mortgage, there may be restrictions on its liquidation.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Debtor&#039;s apartment in consumer bankruptcy<\/strong> \u2013 pursuant to Article 342a of the Bankruptcy Law, if the sale of the real estate in which the debtor resides is unavoidable, the court may decide to grant the bankrupt the funds to rent another premises for a period of up to two years.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Properties that cannot be sold<\/strong> \u2013 in accordance with Article 315 of the Bankruptcy Law, certain assets may be excluded from the bankruptcy estate if they cannot be disposed of in accordance with the provisions of the Act and their continued presence in the bankruptcy estate would be detrimental to the creditors due to the burden of the related costs on the bankruptcy estate.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Property exclusion procedure<\/strong> An application for the exclusion of real estate may be submitted by:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>debtor,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>a third party who claims rights to the property,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>creditor if he believes that the property should not be included in the bankruptcy estate.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Judge-Commissioner examines the validity of the application and issues a decision that is binding on the trustee. In the event of a dispute, it is possible to file a complaint or to file a lawsuit with the Bankruptcy Court to demand the exclusion of the property from the bankruptcy estate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Importance of Real Estate Exclusion<\/strong> The exclusion of real estate from the bankruptcy estate is of significant importance to both the debtor and their creditors. The debtor may retain an asset that may be of key importance to their continued existence or business. In turn, creditors may try to demonstrate that the real estate should be liquidated, which often leads to court disputes. It is worth noting, however, that after the date of bankruptcy, creditors may initiate enforcement against assets that are not part of the bankruptcy estate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Summary<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Exclusions of assets from the bankruptcy estate by operation of law are an important element of protection for the debtor and his family in a difficult financial situation. Thanks to them, bankruptcy proceedings do not deprive the debtor of basic means of living or the possibility of conducting commercial activity. Although the regulations on exclusions are relatively clear, in practice disputes may arise regarding their interpretation. Therefore, it is worth consulting a bankruptcy lawyer in such cases. <a href=\"https:\/\/pmrsa.pl\/en\/about-us\/\" title=\"\">a lawyer specializing in bankruptcy law<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Post\u0119powanie upad\u0142o\u015bciowe to skomplikowany i wieloetapowy proces, kt\u00f3rego g\u0142\u00f3wnym celem jest zaspokojenie wierzycieli z maj\u0105tku d\u0142u\u017cnika w sytuacji jego niewyp\u0142acalno\u015bci. W trakcie tego post\u0119powania maj\u0105tek d\u0142u\u017cnika staje si\u0119 tzw. mas\u0105 upad\u0142o\u015bciow\u0105, kt\u00f3ra podlega zarz\u0105dowi syndyka i s\u0142u\u017cy pokryciu zobowi\u0105za\u0144. Nie oznacza to jednak, \u017ce wszystkie sk\u0142adniki maj\u0105tku d\u0142u\u017cnika automatycznie wchodz\u0105 do masy upad\u0142o\u015bciowej. Polskie prawo przewiduje szereg przypadk\u00f3w, w kt\u00f3rych okre\u015blone sk\u0142adniki maj\u0105tku s\u0105 wy\u0142\u0105czone z masy upad\u0142o\u015bci z mocy prawa. W artykule om\u00f3wimy szczeg\u00f3\u0142owo te wy\u0142\u0105czenia, wskazuj\u0105c ich podstawy prawne, cel oraz praktyczne znaczenie dla d\u0142u\u017cnika i wierzycieli. Spis tre\u015bci: Kilka s\u0142\u00f3w o artykule- Pos\u0142uchaj Co to jest masa upad\u0142o\u015bciowa? Masa upad\u0142o\u015bciowa to og\u00f3\u0142 sk\u0142adnik\u00f3w maj\u0105tkowych nale\u017c\u0105cych do d\u0142u\u017cnika w dniu og\u0142oszenia upad\u0142o\u015bci, przy czym warto zaznaczy\u0107 r\u00f3\u017cnice pomi\u0119dzy upad\u0142o\u015bci\u0105 konsumenck\u0105 a przedsi\u0119biorc\u00f3w, oraz te sk\u0142adniki, kt\u00f3re d\u0142u\u017cnik nabywa w trakcie post\u0119powania upad\u0142o\u015bciowego. Do masy upad\u0142o\u015bciowej wchodz\u0105 zar\u00f3wno sk\u0142adniki ruchome, nieruchomo\u015bci, prawa maj\u0105tkowe, jak i inne aktywa d\u0142u\u017cnika, kt\u00f3re mog\u0105 pos\u0142u\u017cy\u0107 do sp\u0142aty wierzycieli. Jednak nie wszystkie sk\u0142adniki maj\u0105tku d\u0142u\u017cnika mog\u0105 by\u0107 w\u0142\u0105czone do masy upad\u0142o\u015bciowej. Polskie prawo przewiduje pewne ograniczenia, kt\u00f3re maj\u0105 na celu ochron\u0119 interes\u00f3w d\u0142u\u017cnika i os\u00f3b trzecich. Wy\u0142\u0105czenia te maj\u0105 podstawy w przepisach prawnych i obowi\u0105zuj\u0105 automatycznie, bez potrzeby sk\u0142adania dodatkowych wniosk\u00f3w. Podstawa prawna wy\u0142\u0105czenia sk\u0142adnik\u00f3w z masy upad\u0142o\u015bciowej Wy\u0142\u0105czenia sk\u0142adnik\u00f3w z masy upad\u0142o\u015bciowej zosta\u0142y uregulowane w Ustawie z dnia 28 lutego 2003 r. \u2013 Prawo upad\u0142o\u015bciowe. Kluczowe znaczenie maj\u0105 tutaj zastosowanie: Przepisy te maj\u0105 na celu zapewnienie r\u00f3wnowagi pomi\u0119dzy interesami wierzycieli a ochron\u0105 minimalnych standard\u00f3w godno\u015bci i funkcjonowania d\u0142u\u017cnika. Wy\u0142\u0105czenia sk\u0142adnik\u00f3w z masy upad\u0142o\u015bciowej z mocy prawa Wy\u0142\u0105czenia z mocy prawa oznaczaj\u0105, \u017ce okre\u015blone sk\u0142adniki maj\u0105tku d\u0142u\u017cnika automatycznie nie wchodz\u0105 do masy upad\u0142o\u015bciowej i nie mog\u0105 by\u0107 wykorzystane do zaspokojenia wierzycieli. S\u0105 to najcz\u0119\u015bciej sk\u0142adniki zwi\u0105zane z zabezpieczeniem podstawowych potrzeb \u017cyciowych d\u0142u\u017cnika, ochron\u0105 rodziny, a tak\u017ce te, kt\u00f3re maj\u0105 szczeg\u00f3lny charakter prawny. 1. Przedmioty osobistego u\u017cytku i podstawowe wyposa\u017cenie gospodarstwa domowego Zgodnie z przepisami, do masy upad\u0142o\u015bciowej nie mog\u0105 by\u0107 w\u0142\u0105czone przedmioty, kt\u00f3re s\u0105 niezb\u0119dne dla zaspokojenia podstawowych potrzeb \u017cyciowych d\u0142u\u017cnika i jego rodziny. Obejmuj\u0105 one: Wy\u0142\u0105czenie to ma na celu zapewnienie minimalnych standard\u00f3w egzystencji d\u0142u\u017cnika oraz ochron\u0119 jego godno\u015bci. 2. \u015arodki pieni\u0119\u017cne i \u015bwiadczenia socjalne Do masy upad\u0142o\u015bciowej nie wchodz\u0105 okre\u015blone \u015brodki pieni\u0119\u017cne i \u015bwiadczenia, kt\u00f3re maj\u0105 szczeg\u00f3lny cel i charakter, m.in.: Ograniczenie to wynika z faktu, \u017ce \u015bwiadczenia te maj\u0105 s\u0142u\u017cy\u0107 zapewnieniu minimum egzystencji, a ich w\u0142\u0105czenie do masy upad\u0142o\u015bciowej pozbawi\u0142oby d\u0142u\u017cnika mo\u017cliwo\u015bci normalnego funkcjonowania. 3. Przedmioty niepodlegaj\u0105ce zaj\u0119ciu w egzekucji Prawo upad\u0142o\u015bciowe odsy\u0142a r\u00f3wnie\u017c do przepis\u00f3w Kodeksu post\u0119powania cywilnego (KPC), w szczeg\u00f3lno\u015bci art. 829 i nast\u0119pne, kt\u00f3re okre\u015blaj\u0105 katalog przedmiot\u00f3w wy\u0142\u0105czonych spod egzekucji. Zgodnie z art. 829 KPC, do masy upad\u0142o\u015bciowej nie wchodz\u0105 m.in.: Te wy\u0142\u0105czenia maj\u0105 na celu umo\u017cliwienie d\u0142u\u017cnikowi podj\u0119cia pracy zarobkowej i zachowanie minimalnych warunk\u00f3w bytowych. 4. Prawa niemaj\u0105tkowe i osobiste Do masy upad\u0142o\u015bciowej nie wchodz\u0105 tak\u017ce prawa niemaj\u0105tkowe, takie jak: Te wy\u0142\u0105czenia wynikaj\u0105 z faktu, \u017ce prawa te s\u0105 \u015bci\u015ble zwi\u0105zane z osob\u0105 d\u0142u\u017cnika i nie mog\u0105 by\u0107 przedmiotem obrotu gospodarczego. 5. Przedmioty wy\u0142\u0105czone na podstawie przepis\u00f3w szczeg\u00f3lnych, np. maj\u0105tek przeznaczony na dzia\u0142alno\u015b\u0107 naukow\u0105 (art. 831 KPC). Prawo przewiduje r\u00f3wnie\u017c, \u017ce niekt\u00f3re sk\u0142adniki maj\u0105tku mog\u0105 by\u0107 wy\u0142\u0105czone z masy upad\u0142o\u015bciowej na mocy przepis\u00f3w szczeg\u00f3lnych. Przyk\u0142adem mo\u017ce by\u0107: Procedura wy\u0142\u0105czenia sk\u0142adnik\u00f3w z masy upad\u0142o\u015bciowej Cho\u0107 wy\u0142\u0105czenia z mocy prawa s\u0105 automatyczne, w praktyce mo\u017ce si\u0119 zdarzy\u0107, \u017ce sk\u0142adniki wy\u0142\u0105czone zostan\u0105 b\u0142\u0119dnie w\u0142\u0105czone do masy upad\u0142o\u015bciowej przez syndyka. W takim przypadku d\u0142u\u017cnik lub inne zainteresowane osoby mog\u0105 z\u0142o\u017cy\u0107 do s\u0105du wniosek o wy\u0142\u0105czenie danego sk\u0142adnika z masy upad\u0142o\u015bciowej. Kroki post\u0119powania: W przypadku okre\u015blania dochodu d\u0142u\u017cnika, kt\u00f3ry wchodzi w sk\u0142ad masy upad\u0142o\u015bci, warto zdawa\u0107 sobie spraw\u0119 z faktu, i\u017c ustawodawca przewidzia\u0142 mo\u017cliwo\u015b\u0107 ustalenia innej kwoty dochodu wolnej od egzekucji ni\u017c wynika to z og\u00f3lnych zasad, bior\u0105c pod uwag\u0119 szczeg\u00f3lne potrzeby upad\u0142ego i os\u00f3b pozostaj\u0105cych na jego utrzymaniu, w tym ich stan zdrowia, potrzeby mieszkaniowe oraz mo\u017cliwo\u015bci ich zaspokojenia. Wniosek upad\u0142ego lub syndyka w tym zakresie rozpoznaje S\u0119dzia-Komisarz. Znaczenie wy\u0142\u0105cze\u0144 dla d\u0142u\u017cnika i wierzycieli Wy\u0142\u0105czenia sk\u0142adnik\u00f3w z masy upad\u0142o\u015bciowej maj\u0105 kluczowe znaczenie zar\u00f3wno dla d\u0142u\u017cnika, jak i wierzycieli. Z perspektywy d\u0142u\u017cnika, wy\u0142\u0105czenia te pozwalaj\u0105 zachowa\u0107 minimalny standard \u017cycia oraz ochroni\u0107 podstawowe potrzeby egzystencjalne. Z kolei dla wierzycieli wy\u0142\u0105czenia mog\u0105 ogranicza\u0107 mo\u017cliwo\u015b\u0107 pe\u0142nego zaspokojenia ich roszcze\u0144, co cz\u0119sto wywo\u0142uje kontrowersje w toku post\u0119powania upad\u0142o\u015bciowego. Mo\u017cliwo\u015b\u0107 skorzystania z przygotowanej likwidacji Przygotowana likwidacja (tzw. pre-pack) to procedura przewidziana w Prawie upad\u0142o\u015bciowym, kt\u00f3ra pozwala na sprzeda\u017c maj\u0105tku d\u0142u\u017cnika jeszcze przed formalnym og\u0142oszeniem upad\u0142o\u015bci. Jej celem jest maksymalizacja warto\u015bci aktyw\u00f3w oraz szybkie zaspokojenie wierzycieli poprzez ograniczenie koszt\u00f3w post\u0119powania. Podstawy prawne pre-packu Podstaw\u0105 prawn\u0105 przygotowanej likwidacji jest art. 56a i kolejne Prawa upad\u0142o\u015bciowego. Mechanizm ten polega na wcze\u015bniejszym uzgodnieniu przez d\u0142u\u017cnika lub wierzyciela warunk\u00f3w sprzeda\u017cy okre\u015blonych sk\u0142adnik\u00f3w maj\u0105tku na rzecz konkretnego nabywcy. Warunkiem skutecznego zastosowania pre-packu jest przedstawienie s\u0105dowi szczeg\u00f3\u0142owego wniosku wraz z wycen\u0105 maj\u0105tku sporz\u0105dzon\u0105 przez bieg\u0142ego. Zalety przygotowanej likwidacji Praktyczne zastosowanie Pre-pack mo\u017ce by\u0107 szczeg\u00f3lnie korzystny dla d\u0142u\u017cnik\u00f3w posiadaj\u0105cych warto\u015bciowe aktywa, jednak jego skuteczno\u015b\u0107 zale\u017cy od wsp\u00f3\u0142pracy z wierzycielami oraz rzetelnej wyceny przez bieg\u0142ego., kt\u00f3re mo\u017cna sprzeda\u0107 w spos\u00f3b uporz\u0105dkowany, np. nieruchomo\u015bci, przedsi\u0119biorstwa lub zorganizowane cz\u0119\u015bci przedsi\u0119biorstwa. Wymaga jednak \u015bcis\u0142ej wsp\u00f3\u0142pracy z wierzycielami oraz przeprowadzenia profesjonalnej wyceny maj\u0105tku. Wy\u0142\u0105czenie nieruchomo\u015bci z masy upad\u0142o\u015bci Cho\u0107 co do zasady wszystkie nieruchomo\u015bci nale\u017c\u0105ce do d\u0142u\u017cnika wchodz\u0105 do masy upad\u0142o\u015bciowej, istniej\u0105 pewne wyj\u0105tki przewidziane przez prawo, kt\u00f3re pozwalaj\u0105 na ich wy\u0142\u0105czenie. Przes\u0142anki wy\u0142\u0105czenia nieruchomo\u015bci Procedura wy\u0142\u0105czenia nieruchomo\u015bci Wniosek o wy\u0142\u0105czenie nieruchomo\u015bci mo\u017ce by\u0107 sk\u0142adany przez: S\u0119dzia-Komisarz bada zasadno\u015b\u0107 wniosku i wydaje postanowienie, kt\u00f3re jest wi\u0105\u017c\u0105ce dla syndyka. W przypadku sporu mo\u017cliwe jest z\u0142o\u017cenie za\u017calenia, tudzie\u017c wyst\u0105pienia z pow\u00f3dztwem do S\u0105du upad\u0142o\u015bciowego o \u017c\u0105danie wy\u0142\u0105czenia mienia z masy upad\u0142o\u015bci. Znaczenie wy\u0142\u0105czenia nieruchomo\u015bci Wy\u0142\u0105czenie nieruchomo\u015bci z masy upad\u0142o\u015bci ma istotne znaczenie zar\u00f3wno dla d\u0142u\u017cnika, jak i dla jego wierzycieli. D\u0142u\u017cnik mo\u017ce zachowa\u0107 sk\u0142adnik maj\u0105tku, kt\u00f3ry mo\u017ce mie\u0107 kluczowe znaczenie dla jego dalszej egzystencji lub prowadzenia dzia\u0142alno\u015bci. Z kolei wierzyciele mog\u0105 pr\u00f3bowa\u0107 wykaza\u0107, \u017ce nieruchomo\u015b\u0107 powinna jednak podlega\u0107 likwidacji, co prowadzi cz\u0119sto do spor\u00f3w s\u0105dowych. Warto jednak zaznaczy\u0107, i\u017c po dniu og\u0142oszenia upad\u0142o\u015bci wierzyciele mog\u0105 wszcz\u0105\u0107 egzekucj\u0119 z maj\u0105tku, kt\u00f3ry nie stanowi sk\u0142adnika masy upad\u0142o\u015bci. Podsumowanie Wy\u0142\u0105czenia sk\u0142adnik\u00f3w z masy upad\u0142o\u015bciowej z mocy prawa stanowi\u0105 wa\u017cny element ochrony d\u0142u\u017cnika i jego<\/p>","protected":false},"author":15,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[19],"tags":[],"ppma_author":[34],"class_list":["post-11520","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-blog"],"authors":[{"term_id":34,"user_id":15,"is_guest":0,"slug":"d-anisimowiczpmr-restructuring-pl","display_name":"Daniel Anisimowicz","avatar_url":{"url":"https:\/\/pmrsa.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/daniel-anisimowicz1-1.jpg","url2x":"https:\/\/pmrsa.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/daniel-anisimowicz1-1.jpg"},"0":null,"1":"","2":"","3":"","4":"","5":"","6":"","7":"","8":""}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pmrsa.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11520","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pmrsa.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pmrsa.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pmrsa.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/15"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pmrsa.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=11520"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/pmrsa.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11520\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pmrsa.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=11520"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pmrsa.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=11520"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pmrsa.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=11520"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pmrsa.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ppma_author?post=11520"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}