{"id":9128,"date":"2024-12-10T08:00:00","date_gmt":"2024-12-10T08:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pmrsa.pl\/?p=9128"},"modified":"2025-04-10T09:20:12","modified_gmt":"2025-04-10T09:20:12","slug":"the-effects-of-making-a-donation-before-declaring-bankruptcy-case-studies","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/pmrsa.pl\/en\/the-effects-of-making-a-donation-before-declaring-bankruptcy-case-studies\/","title":{"rendered":"The effects of making a donation on the eve of bankruptcy \u2013 case studies"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"has-text-align-left wp-block-paragraph\">In Polish civil law, a donation is one of the forms of transferring property, which consists in the gratuitous transfer of goods or rights to the donee. However, making a donation, especially in the context of the threat of bankruptcy, may give rise to serious legal consequences. In a situation where the debtor is in a difficult financial situation and his bankruptcy is inevitable, making donations may be considered an action aimed at preventing the satisfaction of creditors. The aim of this article is to analyze the legal effects of donations made in the foreground of <a href=\"https:\/\/pmrsa.pl\/en\/consumer-bankruptcy-where-to-start\/\" title=\"\"><strong>declaring bankruptcy<\/strong><\/a> based on the provisions of civil law and bankruptcy law. Examples illustrating these issues will also be presented.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Contents:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-aioseo-table-of-contents\"><ul><li><a href=\"#aioseo-pojecie-darowizny-i-jej-znaczenie-w-kontekscie-upadlosci\">A few words about the article - Listen<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#aioseo-pojecie-darowizny-i-jej-znaczenie-w-kontekscie-upadlosci\">The concept of donation and its significance in the context of bankruptcy<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#aioseo-czynnosci-nieuczciwego-dluznika-zasady-prawa-upadlosciowego\">Actions of a dishonest debtor \u2013 principles of bankruptcy law.<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#aioseo-skutki-dokonania-darowizny-w-kontekscie-prawa-cywilnego-i-upadlosciowego\">Consequences of making a donation in the context of civil and bankruptcy law.<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#aioseo-studium-przypadkow-z-praktyki-kancelarii-pmr-restrukturyzacje\">Case Studies: Case 1: Donation of Cash for Purchase of Real Estate.<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#aioseo-studium-przypadkow-przypadek-1-darowizna-srodkow-pienieznych-na-zakup-nieruchomosci\">Case Studies: Case 2: Car Donation Before Bankruptcy.<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#aioseo-studium-przypadkow-przypadek-3-darowizna-lokalu-mieszkalnego\">Case studies: Case 3: Donation of a residential premises.<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#aioseo-podsumowanie\">Summary.<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\" id=\"aioseo-pojecie-darowizny-i-jej-znaczenie-w-kontekscie-upadlosci\">A few words about the article - Listen<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><audio src=\"https:\/\/pmrsa.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Wplyw-wierzycieli-i-Sedziego-komisarza-na-likwidac.mp3\"><\/audio><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-audio\"><audio controls src=\"https:\/\/pmrsa.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Skutki-dokonania-darowizny-na-przedpolu-ogloszenia.mp3\"><\/audio><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"aioseo-pojecie-darowizny-i-jej-znaczenie-w-kontekscie-upadlosci\">The concept of donation and its significance in the context of bankruptcy<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A donation is a unilateral, gratuitous benefit in which the donor transfers certain property to the donee without expecting any reciprocal benefit. In principle, donations are acts that do not impose a financial burden on the donee, but they can create serious problems in the context of <a href=\"https:\/\/pmrsa.pl\/en\/consumer-bankruptcy\/\" title=\"\"><strong>bankruptcy of the debtor<\/strong><\/a>. Particular attention should be paid to situations in which a donation is made just before the debtor&#039;s bankruptcy is declared, which may lead to so-called fraudulent activities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Fraudulent activities are deliberate actions taken by the debtor aimed at creating or deepening insolvency, which consequently lead to ineffective satisfaction of the creditor. Such actions may be considered unlawful, and the donation itself may be treated as ineffective within the framework of bankruptcy proceedings or on the basis of the Civil Code. Recognizing the unfair action of the debtor as ineffective comes down to enabling creditors to enforce against the asset that the debtor has disposed of from his estate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"aioseo-czynnosci-nieuczciwego-dluznika-zasady-prawa-upadlosciowego\">Actions of a dishonest debtor \u2013 principles of bankruptcy law.<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Within the framework of <a href=\"https:\/\/pmrsa.pl\/en\/consumer-bankruptcy-information\/\" title=\"\"><strong>bankruptcy proceedings<\/strong><\/a>, the court and the trustee have the right to examine all legal acts performed by the debtor before the declaration of bankruptcy, especially those that could limit the satisfaction of creditors. Based on the provisions of the Bankruptcy Law, the bankruptcy court may decide to invalidate legal acts performed by the debtor during the period in which the debtor should have foreseen that his financial situation was serious enough to require the declaration of bankruptcy. In particular, the following acts are subject to assessment:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1. They were made shortly before the declaration of bankruptcy (e.g. donations, sale of property at a reduced price).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">2. They are highly unfavourable to creditors (e.g. gift of property that could be used to satisfy claims).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">3. They were made without remuneration or for remuneration significantly lower than the market value (e.g. donation of real estate).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If it is found that the debtor made a donation in a way that was intended to harm creditors, it may be ruled ineffective. The purpose of such a provision is to ensure that the debtor&#039;s property, which can be used to satisfy creditors&#039; claims, is not removed or transferred to third parties.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pmrsa.pl\/en\/consumer-bankruptcy\/\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"421\" src=\"https:\/\/pmrsa.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/bh2-1024x421.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7902\" title=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/pmrsa.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/bh2-1024x421.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/pmrsa.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/bh2-300x123.jpg 300w, https:\/\/pmrsa.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/bh2-768x316.jpg 768w, https:\/\/pmrsa.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/bh2.jpg 1337w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"aioseo-skutki-dokonania-darowizny-w-kontekscie-prawa-cywilnego-i-upadlosciowego\">Consequences of making a donation in the context of civil and bankruptcy law.<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the context of civil law, a donation is a fully legal act, however, if the debtor is at risk of insolvency, it may be considered an act aimed at fraud or concealing assets from creditors. According to Article 527 of the Civil Code, a legal act performed to harm creditors may be considered ineffective, which also includes donations. In the literature on the subject, based on Article 527 of the Civil Code and subsequent articles, it is indicated that in order for a creditor to request that a debtor&#039;s legal act be recognized as ineffective, the following conditions must be met:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">a) performance of a valid legal act by the debtor;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">b) harm to creditors;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">c) a third party gaining financial benefits;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">d) the debtor was aware of the harm to the creditors at the time of performing the act;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">e) the awareness of a third party about the harm to the creditors or the acquisition of such awareness by the debtor while exercising due diligence (see M. Za\u0142ucki (ed.), Civil Code. Commentary, Warsaw 2019, commentary to art. 527, Legalis 2019).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Similarly, bankruptcy law provides for the possibility of invalidating such actions that lead to the removal of the debtor&#039;s assets, preventing the satisfaction of creditors&#039; claims. Such actions are treated as so-called &quot;fraudulent actions&quot; that are intended to circumvent bankruptcy law. Within the framework of the discussed legal act, the content of Article 127 section 1 of the Bankruptcy Law is of key importance, which directly refers to gratuitous legal actions. According to the cited provision: &quot;<em>Legal acts performed by the bankrupt are ineffective towards the bankruptcy estate. <u>during the year<\/u> before the date of filing the bankruptcy petition, which assets he disposed of, if any <u>free of charge<\/u> or for a fee, but the value of the benefit of the bankrupt grossly exceeds the value of the benefit received by the bankrupt or reserved for the bankrupt or for a third party<\/em>\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Based on the regulations governing the manner of conducting <a href=\"https:\/\/pmrsa.pl\/en\/application-for-declaration-of-consumer-bankruptcy\/\" title=\"\"><strong>bankruptcy proceedings<\/strong><\/a>, the trustee has the authority to file a claim within the scope of the so-called Pauliana actio, as well as to take the place of the plaintiff in a case initiated by a creditor before the declaration of bankruptcy, who challenged the legal acts of the bankrupt. Importantly, in such cases, the legal acts of the bankrupt made in the period up to 5 years back are examined.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"aioseo-studium-przypadkow-z-praktyki-kancelarii-pmr-restrukturyzacje\">Case Studies: Case 1: Donation of Cash for Purchase of Real Estate.<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mrs. Anna was aware of her financial problems, but she and her husband took out another loan. In less than a year, Mrs. Anna filed for bankruptcy. During the bankruptcy proceedings, the trustee, as part of the analysis of the claims, determined that the loan reported by the creditor burdened the bankrupt and her husband, and the purpose of taking it out was to purchase real estate. In the described factual situation, Mrs. Anna acted as a co-borrower of the housing loan, but Mr. Anna was entered as the owner of the real estate. <a href=\"https:\/\/pmrsa.pl\/en\/termination-of-marital-property-and-its-impact-on-bankruptcy-proceedings\/\" title=\"\"><strong>only the debtor&#039;s husband<\/strong><\/a>. In this state of affairs, the situation should be interpreted as a gift from the debtor to her husband. In the face of the regime resulting from the content of Article 127 of the Bankruptcy Law, the trustee took steps to increase the funds of the bankruptcy estate as a result of reversing the effects of the ineffective legal act of the bankrupt towards the bankruptcy estate, resulting from the conclusion of a loan agreement and transferring the funds obtained in this way as a free gift to the spouse for the purpose of purchasing real estate. Based on the interpretation of the regulations and the nature of the credit obligation, the trustee took the position that the value of the legal act performed by the bankrupt corresponded to half the value of the loan granted (Article 379, paragraph 1 of the Code of Civil Procedure).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The amount restored to the bankruptcy estate allowed for the satisfaction of over PLN 30% <a href=\"https:\/\/pmrsa.pl\/en\/mediation\/\" title=\"\"><strong>creditors&#039; claims<\/strong><\/a> participating in bankruptcy proceedings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"aioseo-studium-przypadkow-przypadek-1-darowizna-srodkow-pienieznych-na-zakup-nieruchomosci\">Case Studies: Case 2: Car Donation Before Bankruptcy.<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mr. Marek, being aware of the upcoming bankruptcy, decided to transfer the share in the passenger car, of which he was a co-owner, to his father (the second co-owner) by way of a gift. The car was the only asset of Mr. Marek. At the time of the gift, the debtor already knew about the inability to settle obligations to creditors.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The trustee, examining the debtor&#039;s actions, found that the legal act was performed with the intention of removing an asset that could be used to satisfy the creditors&#039; claims. The period between the performance of the act and the filing of the bankruptcy petition for the debtor was in line with the standard resulting from the content of Article 127 of the Bankruptcy Law, and therefore the debtor performed the gratuitous legal act within a year before filing the bankruptcy petition. In this state of affairs, this act was deemed by law to be ineffective against the bankruptcy estate, which consequently led to the necessity of calling on the donee to return the said asset to the bankruptcy estate. Due to the fact that giving away \u00bd of the share in the car is becoming physically difficult, the donee was offered to pay the equivalent in cash. The actions taken by the trustee contributed to increasing the bankruptcy estate with cash, and thus to increasing the degree of satisfaction of the creditors.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"aioseo-studium-przypadkow-przypadek-3-darowizna-lokalu-mieszkalnego\">Case studies: Case 3: Donation of a residential premises.<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">During the bankruptcy proceedings, the trustee received information that the bankrupt and his wife had made a donation of a residential premises (part of their marital property community) to their child. Less than a month after making the donation, the spouses entered into an agreement to establish the separation of property. Thus, this agreement did not cover the residential premises that had been removed from the marital property community. At the time of making the donation, the debtor was burdened with due and undue financial obligations. By making the donation, the Debtor became insolvent, as he had no other assets apart from the aforementioned apartment, and did not earn sufficient income to satisfy his creditors. After nearly 2 years of insolvency, the debtor was declared bankrupt. During the bankruptcy proceedings, the trustee, analyzing the content of the land and mortgage register of the premises in question, received information that after the declaration of bankruptcy, the son of the bankrupts made a donation of the apartment in question to his mother (the bankrupt&#039;s wife).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Thus, in the first agreement, there was an increment from the debtor&#039;s and his wife&#039;s assets to their son, and in the second, the son made an increment to his mother (the bankrupt&#039;s wife). In the described case, the provisions authorizing the trustee to file an action under Article 527 of the Civil Code were applied. The court proceedings conducted led to the recognition of the donation made by the bankrupt as ineffective with respect to the bankruptcy estate, and consequently led to the restoration of the asset to the bankruptcy estate, allowing for full satisfaction of the creditors participating in the bankruptcy proceedings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"aioseo-podsumowanie\"><a href=\"https:\/\/pmrsa.pl\/en\/about-us\/\" title=\"\"><strong>Summary.<\/strong><\/a><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Making a donation before the declaration of bankruptcy can lead to serious legal consequences for both the debtor and the donee. If the donation was made in order to hide assets from creditors, it may be considered an invalid act with respect to the bankruptcy estate, which leads to the restitution of this asset to the bankruptcy estate. Importantly, there is no retransfer of ownership of the subject of the donation to the bankrupt, but only authorizes the trustee to dispose of the subject asset during the bankruptcy proceedings. When considering such cases, the court takes into account the purpose of making the donation, the time of its making and the value of the transferred assets. Any intentional actions of the debtor aimed at causing insolvency or significantly increasing its degree will affect the possibility of obtaining debt relief or the scope of the established creditor repayment plan, causing, for example, its extension to even 84 months.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>W polskim prawie cywilnym darowizna jest jedn\u0105 z form przekazywania maj\u0105tku, kt\u00f3ra polega na nieodp\u0142atnym przekazaniu rzeczy lub praw na rzecz obdarowanego. Jednak jej dokonanie, zw\u0142aszcza w kontek\u015bcie zagro\u017cenia upad\u0142o\u015bci\u0105, mo\u017ce rodzi\u0107 powa\u017cne konsekwencje prawne. W sytuacji, gdy d\u0142u\u017cnik znajduje si\u0119 w trudnej sytuacji finansowej, a jego upad\u0142o\u015b\u0107 jest nieunikniona, dokonywanie darowizn mo\u017ce zosta\u0107 uznane za dzia\u0142anie maj\u0105ce na celu uniemo\u017cliwienie zaspokojenia wierzycieli. Celem artyku\u0142u jest analiza skutk\u00f3w prawnych darowizn dokonanych na przedpolu og\u0142oszenia upad\u0142o\u015bci na podstawie przepis\u00f3w prawa cywilnego oraz prawa upad\u0142o\u015bciowego. Zostan\u0105 przedstawione r\u00f3wnie\u017c przyk\u0142ady ilustruj\u0105ce te zagadnienia. Spis tre\u015bci: Kilka s\u0142\u00f3w o artykule- Pos\u0142uchaj Poj\u0119cie darowizny i jej znaczenie w kontek\u015bcie upad\u0142o\u015bci Darowizna jest jednostronnym, nieodp\u0142atnym \u015bwiadczeniem, w kt\u00f3rym darczy\u0144ca przenosi okre\u015blony maj\u0105tek na obdarowanego, nie oczekuj\u0105c wzajemnego \u015bwiadczenia. Zasadniczo darowizny s\u0105 czynno\u015bciami, kt\u00f3re nie powoduj\u0105 obci\u0105\u017cenia finansowego dla obdarowanego, jednak mog\u0105 stwarza\u0107 powa\u017cne problemy w kontek\u015bcie upad\u0142o\u015bci d\u0142u\u017cnika. Szczeg\u00f3ln\u0105 uwag\u0119 nale\u017cy zwr\u00f3ci\u0107 na sytuacje, w kt\u00f3rych darowizna jest dokonywana tu\u017c przed og\u0142oszeniem upad\u0142o\u015bci d\u0142u\u017cnika, co mo\u017ce prowadzi\u0107 do tzw. czynno\u015bci fraudacyjnych. Czynno\u015bci fraudacyjne to celowe dzia\u0142ania podj\u0119te przez d\u0142u\u017cnika zmierzaj\u0105ce do powstania lub pog\u0142\u0119bienia niewyp\u0142acalno\u015bci, kt\u00f3re w konsekwencji prowadz\u0105 do ubezskutecznienia zaspokojenia wierzyciela. Takie dzia\u0142ania mog\u0105 by\u0107 uznane za niezgodne z prawem, a sama darowizna mo\u017ce zosta\u0107 potraktowana jako bezskuteczna w ramach post\u0119powania upad\u0142o\u015bciowego lub na podstawie kodeksu cywilnego. Uznanie krzywdz\u0105cego dzia\u0142ania d\u0142u\u017cnika za bezskuteczne sprowadza si\u0119 do umo\u017cliwienia wierzycielom egzekucji ze sk\u0142adnika maj\u0105tkowego, kt\u00f3rego d\u0142u\u017cnik wyzby\u0142 si\u0119 ze swojego maj\u0105tku. Czynno\u015bci nieuczciwego d\u0142u\u017cnika \u2013 zasady prawa upad\u0142o\u015bciowego. W ramach post\u0119powania upad\u0142o\u015bciowego, s\u0105d i syndyk maj\u0105 prawo bada\u0107 wszelkie czynno\u015bci prawne dokonane przez d\u0142u\u017cnika na przedpolu og\u0142oszenia upad\u0142o\u015bci, szczeg\u00f3lnie te, kt\u00f3re mog\u0142yby ograniczy\u0107 zaspokojenie wierzycieli. Na podstawie przepis\u00f3w ustawy \u2013 Prawo upad\u0142o\u015bciowe, s\u0105d upad\u0142o\u015bciowy mo\u017ce podj\u0105\u0107 decyzj\u0119 o uniewa\u017cnieniu czynno\u015bci prawnych dokonanych przez d\u0142u\u017cnika w okresie, w kt\u00f3rym d\u0142u\u017cnik powinien by\u0142 przewidywa\u0107, \u017ce jego sytuacja finansowa jest na tyle powa\u017cna, \u017ce mo\u017ce doj\u015b\u0107 do konieczno\u015bci og\u0142oszenia upad\u0142o\u015bci. Ocenie podlegaj\u0105 w szczeg\u00f3lno\u015bci czynno\u015bci, kt\u00f3re: 1. Zosta\u0142y dokonane na kr\u00f3tko przed og\u0142oszeniem upad\u0142o\u015bci (np. darowizny, sprzeda\u017c maj\u0105tku po zani\u017conej cenie). 2. S\u0105 wysoce niekorzystne dla wierzycieli (np. darowizna maj\u0105tku, kt\u00f3ry m\u00f3g\u0142by zosta\u0107 u\u017cyty do zaspokojenia roszcze\u0144). 3. Zosta\u0142y dokonane bez wynagrodzenia lub za wynagrodzenie znacznie ni\u017csze od warto\u015bci rynkowej (np. darowizna nieruchomo\u015bci). W przypadku stwierdzenia, \u017ce d\u0142u\u017cnik dokona\u0142 darowizny w spos\u00f3b maj\u0105cy na celu pokrzywdzenie wierzycieli, mo\u017cna orzec o jej bezskuteczno\u015bci. Celem takiego przepisu jest zapewnienie, aby maj\u0105tek d\u0142u\u017cnika, kt\u00f3ry mo\u017ce s\u0142u\u017cy\u0107 do zaspokojenia roszcze\u0144 wierzycieli, nie zosta\u0142 usuni\u0119ty lub przekazany osobom trzecim. Skutki dokonania darowizny w kontek\u015bcie prawa cywilnego i upad\u0142o\u015bciowego. W kontek\u015bcie prawa cywilnego darowizna jest czynno\u015bci\u0105 w pe\u0142ni legaln\u0105, jednak w przypadku, gdy d\u0142u\u017cnik znajduje si\u0119 w stanie zagro\u017cenia niewyp\u0142acalno\u015bci\u0105, mo\u017ce zosta\u0107 uznana za dzia\u0142anie maj\u0105ce na celu oszustwo lub ukrywanie maj\u0105tku przed wierzycielami. Zgodnie z art. 527 Kodeksu cywilnego, czynno\u015b\u0107 prawna dokonana w celu pokrzywdzenia wierzycieli mo\u017ce zosta\u0107 uznana za bezskuteczn\u0105 , co obejmuje r\u00f3wnie\u017c darowizny. W literaturze przedmiotu na podstawie art. 527 k.c. i nast. wskazuje si\u0119, by wierzyciel m\u00f3g\u0142 \u017c\u0105da\u0107 uznania czynno\u015bci prawnej d\u0142u\u017cnika za bezskuteczn\u0105, winny wyst\u0105pi\u0107 \u0142\u0105cznie nast\u0119puj\u0105ce przes\u0142anki: a) dokonanie przez d\u0142u\u017cnika wa\u017cnej czynno\u015bci prawnej; b) pokrzywdzenie wierzycieli; c)uzyskanie przez osob\u0119 trzeci\u0105 korzy\u015bci maj\u0105tkowej; d)\u015bwiadomo\u015b\u0107 d\u0142u\u017cnika pokrzywdzenia wierzycieli w chwili dokonania czynno\u015bci; e) \u015bwiadomo\u015b\u0107 osoby trzeciej o pokrzywdzeniu wierzycieli lub uzyskanie takiej \u015bwiadomo\u015bci przy zachowaniu nale\u017cytej staranno\u015bci przez d\u0142u\u017cnika (por. M. Za\u0142ucki (red.), Kodeks cywilny. Komentarz, Warszawa 2019, komentarz do art. 527,Legalis 2019 r.). Podobnie, prawo upad\u0142o\u015bciowe przewiduje mo\u017cliwo\u015b\u0107 uniewa\u017cnienia takich czynno\u015bci, kt\u00f3re prowadz\u0105 do usuni\u0119cia maj\u0105tku d\u0142u\u017cnika, uniemo\u017cliwiaj\u0105c zaspokojenie roszcze\u0144 wierzycieli. Takie dzia\u0142ania s\u0105 traktowane jako tzw. &#8222;czynno\u015bci fraudacyjne&#8221;, kt\u00f3re maj\u0105 na celu obej\u015bcie prawa upad\u0142o\u015bciowego. W ramach omawianego aktu prawnego kluczowe znaczenia ma tre\u015b\u0107 art. 127 ust. 1 Prawa upad\u0142o\u015bciowego, kt\u00f3ry wprost odnosi si\u0119 do nieodp\u0142atnych czynno\u015bci prawnych. Zgodnie z przytoczonym przepisem: \u201eBezskuteczne w stosunku do masy upad\u0142o\u015bci s\u0105 czynno\u015bci prawne dokonane przez upad\u0142ego w ci\u0105gu roku przed dniem z\u0142o\u017cenia wniosku o og\u0142oszenie upad\u0142o\u015bci, kt\u00f3rymi rozporz\u0105dzi\u0142 on swoim maj\u0105tkiem, je\u017celi dokonane zosta\u0142y nieodp\u0142atnie albo odp\u0142atnie, ale warto\u015b\u0107 \u015bwiadczenia upad\u0142ego przewy\u017csza w ra\u017c\u0105cym stopniu warto\u015b\u0107 \u015bwiadczenia otrzymanego przez upad\u0142ego lub zastrze\u017conego dla upad\u0142ego lub dla osoby trzeciej\u201d. Na gruncie przepis\u00f3w reguluj\u0105cych spos\u00f3b prowadzeni post\u0119powa\u0144 upad\u0142o\u015bciowych, syndyk posiada uprawnienia do wyst\u0119powaniu z pow\u00f3dztwem z zakresu tzw. skargi paulia\u0144skiej, a tak\u017ce do wst\u0105pienia w miejsce powoda w sprawie wszcz\u0119tej przez wierzyciela przed og\u0142oszeniem upad\u0142o\u015bci, kt\u00f3ry zaskar\u017cy\u0142 czynno\u015bci prawne upad\u0142ego. Co istotne przy tego typu sprawach badane s\u0105 czynno\u015bci prawne upad\u0142ego dokonane w okresie a\u017c 5 lat wstecz. Studium przypadk\u00f3w: Przypadek 1: Darowizna \u015brodk\u00f3w pieni\u0119\u017cnych na zakup nieruchomo\u015bci. Pani Anna mia\u0142a \u015bwiadomo\u015b\u0107 posiadanych problem\u00f3w finansowych, niemniej jednak wraz z m\u0119\u017cem zaci\u0105gn\u0119li kolejne zobowi\u0105zanie w postaci kredytu. W ci\u0105gu niespe\u0142na roku Pani Anna wyst\u0105pi\u0142a z wnioskiem o og\u0142oszenie upad\u0142o\u015bci.&nbsp; W toku post\u0119powania upad\u0142o\u015bciowego syndyk w ramach analizy zg\u0142osze\u0144 wierzytelno\u015bci skonstatowa\u0142, i\u017c zg\u0142oszony przez wierzyciela kredyt obci\u0105\u017ca upad\u0142\u0105 oraz jej m\u0119\u017ca, a celem jego zaci\u0105gni\u0119cia by\u0142 zakup nieruchomo\u015bci.&nbsp; W opisanym stanie faktycznym Pani Anna wyst\u0119powa\u0142a jako wsp\u00f3\u0142kredytobiorca kredytu mieszkaniowego, niemniej jednak jako w\u0142a\u015bciciel nieruchomo\u015bci zosta\u0142 wpisany jedynie m\u0105\u017c d\u0142u\u017cniczki. W tym stanie rzeczy nale\u017ca\u0142o odczytywa\u0107 zaistnia\u0142\u0105 sytuacj\u0119 jako darowizn\u0119 d\u0142u\u017cniczki na rzecz m\u0119\u017ca. W&nbsp;obliczu re\u017cimy wynikaj\u0105cego z tre\u015bci art. 127 Prawa upad\u0142o\u015bciowego syndyk podj\u0105\u0142 czynno\u015bci zmierzaj\u0105c do zwi\u0119kszenia fundusz\u00f3w masy upad\u0142o\u015bci w nast\u0119pstwie odwr\u00f3cenia skutk\u00f3w bezskutecznej wobec masy upad\u0142o\u015bci czynno\u015bci prawnej upad\u0142ej wynik\u0142ej z zawarcia umowy kredytu i przekazania uzyskanych w ten spos\u00f3b \u015brodk\u00f3w pod tytu\u0142em darmym ma\u0142\u017conkowi z przeznaczeniem na zakup nieruchomo\u015bci. Na podstawie dokonanej wyk\u0142adni przepis\u00f3w i charakteru zobowi\u0105zania kredytowego syndyk stan\u0105\u0142 na stanowisku, i\u017c warto\u015b\u0107 czynno\u015bci prawnej dokonanej przez upad\u0142\u0105 odpowiada\u0142a po\u0142owie warto\u015bci udzielonego kredytu (art. 379 par. 1 KPC). Przywr\u00f3cona do masy upad\u0142o\u015bci kwota pozwoli\u0142a na zaspokojenia ponad 30% roszcze\u0144 wierzycieli bior\u0105cych udzia\u0142 w post\u0119powaniu upad\u0142o\u015bciowym. Studium przypadk\u00f3w: Przypadek 2: Darowizna samochodu przed og\u0142oszeniem upad\u0142o\u015bci. Pan Marek maj\u0105c \u015bwiadomo\u015b\u0107 nadchodz\u0105cej upad\u0142o\u015bci, postanowi\u0142 przekaza\u0107 udzia\u0142 w samochodzie osobowym, kt\u00f3rego by\u0142 wsp\u00f3\u0142w\u0142a\u015bcicielem ojcu (drugiemu wsp\u00f3\u0142w\u0142a\u015bcicielowi) w drodze darowizny. Samoch\u00f3d by\u0142 jedynym sk\u0142adnikiem maj\u0105tkowym Pana Marka. W chwili darowizny d\u0142u\u017cnik ju\u017c wiedzia\u0142 o niemo\u017cno\u015bci regulowania zobowi\u0105za\u0144 wobec wierzycieli. Syndyk, badaj\u0105c czynno\u015bci d\u0142u\u017cnika uzna\u0142, \u017ce dokonana czynno\u015b\u0107 prawna zosta\u0142a dokonana z zamiarem usuni\u0119cia sk\u0142adnika maj\u0105tku, kt\u00f3ry m\u00f3g\u0142by by\u0107 wykorzystany do zaspokojenia roszcze\u0144<\/p>","protected":false},"author":16,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[19],"tags":[],"ppma_author":[35],"class_list":["post-9128","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-blog"],"authors":[{"term_id":35,"user_id":16,"is_guest":0,"slug":"m-zabinskapmr-restructuring-pl","display_name":"Magdalena \u017babi\u0144ska","avatar_url":{"url":"https:\/\/pmrsa.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/user07-1.jpg","url2x":"https:\/\/pmrsa.pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/user07-1.jpg"},"0":null,"1":"","2":"","3":"","4":"","5":"","6":"","7":"","8":""}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/pmrsa.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9128","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/pmrsa.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/pmrsa.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pmrsa.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/16"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pmrsa.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9128"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/pmrsa.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9128\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/pmrsa.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9128"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pmrsa.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=9128"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pmrsa.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=9128"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/pmrsa.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ppma_author?post=9128"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}